On 16 December 1942, the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, ordered the deportation of all Roma in the German Reich to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp. As of January 1942, ‘Gypsies’, travellers, travelling performers and persons of no fixed abode aged fifteen or older had to carry a ‘Gypsy card’ ( Zigeuner kaart) at all times. In April 1941, the military administration prohibited persons of the ‘Gypsy race’ ( nomads de race) from staying in the coastal area. The newly created territory ‘Belgium and Northern France’ was placed under military administration and headed by a German military governor whose headquarters were located in Brussels. The military occupation of Belgium and northern France in May 1940 forced some families to settle in one place or flee to the unoccupied zone in the south. In the wake of the Nazis’ assuming power in the German Reich in 1933, several German and Netherlandish Roma families fled to Belgium. Refuge from 1933 Onwards, Occupied in 1940
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